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    4. 

  4. <h1><a id="Go_Handson_0"></a>Go Hands-on</h1>
    5. 

  5. <p>6 april 2017</p>
    6. 

  6. <p>Harry de Boer, Quintor</p>
    7. 

  7. <h2><a id="Wat_is_go_6"></a>Wat is go</h2>
    8. 

  8. <p>Volgens <a href="https://golang.org/">https://golang.org</a>: <em>Go is an open source programming language that makes it easy to build simple, reliable,<br>
    9. 

  9. and efficient software.</em></p>
    10. 

  10. <p>Eigenschappen:</p>
    11. 

  11. <ul>
    12. 

  12. <li>type safe</li>
    13. 

  13. <li>compiled</li>
    14. 

  14. <li>garbage collected</li>
    15. 

  15. <li>staticly linked binaries</li>
    16. 

  16. </ul>
    17. 

  17. <h2><a id="Tips_17"></a>Tips</h2>
    18. 

  18. <ul>
    19. 

  19. <li>zoek online op ‘golang’ ipv ‘go’</li>
    20. 

  20. </ul>
    21. 

  21. <h2><a id="Opgaven_20"></a>Opgaven</h2>
    22. 

  22. <p>In deze hands-on sessie beginnen we met een simpel programma.<br>
    23. 

  23. Deze breiden we steeds verder uit naar volledig werkende backend voor een webapplicatie.<br>
    24. 

  24. Opdrachten 1 t/m 5 zijn bedoeld als eerste kennismakinng.<br>
    25. 

  25. Voor opdrachten 6 t/m 10 is een simpele website aangeleverd waarvoor gedurende de opdrachten de backend geschreven<br>
    26. 

  26. wordt.</p>
    27. 

  27. <h3><a id="Opgave_1_een_eerste_programma_28"></a>Opgave 1: een eerste programma</h3>
    28. 

  28. <p>In deze opgave maken we ons eerste werkende go programma.<br>
    29. 

  29. Een go programma begint altijd met een package declaratie.<br>
    30. 

  30. Voor een executable - wat we hier gaan maken -  is altijd dit altijd</p>
    31. 

  31. <pre><code>package main
    32. 

  32. </code></pre>
    33. 

  33. <p>Na de package declaratie komen de import statements:</p>
    34. 

  34. <pre><code>import (
    35. 

  35.     "fmt"
    36. 

  36. )
    37. 

  37. </code></pre>
    38. 

  38. <p>Functies uit een geimporteerd package kan je aanroepen met <code>packagenaam.Functie(...)</code>.<br>
    39. 

  39. Alleen funties/methoden/typen/velden die beginnen met een hoofdletter zijn <em>exported</em> (public) en zichtbaar voor<br>
    40. 

  40. andere packges. Binnen een package is alles zichtbaar.<br>
    41. 

  41. Een package zit altijd in een directory van dezelfde naam, met uitzondering van <code>main</code>.</p>
    42. 

  42. <p>Het entrypoint van een executable is de <code>main</code> functie.</p>
    43. 

  43. <pre><code>func main() {
    44. 

  44.     statement
    45. 

  45. }
    46. 

  46. </code></pre>
    47. 

  47. <p>Het getoonde statement heeft geen <code>;</code> aan het einde, deze zijn optioneel in go.</p>
    48. 

  48. <p>Schrijf nu een programma dat je favoriete paar woorden afdrukt.<br>
    49. 

  49. Importeer hier voor <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/fmt">package fmt</a> en gebruik de <code>Println</code> functie.<br>
    50. 

  50. De naam van het bestand maakt niet uit, maar deze moet eindigen op <code>.go</code></p>
    51. 

  51. <p>Compileer het programma met</p>
    52. 

  52. <pre><code>go build &lt;bestandsnaam&gt;.go
    53. 

  53. </code></pre>
    54. 

  54. <p>De resulterende executable zal dezelfde naam krijgen als de directory waar deze in staat.<br>
    55. 

  55. Waar wacht je op? Voer hem uit!</p>
    56. 

  56. <h3><a id="Opgave_2_functies_66"></a>Opgave 2: functies</h3>
    57. 

  57. <p>Functies in go beginnen met het <code>func</code> keyword gevolgd door een lijst van parameters tussen haakjes</p>
    58. 

  58. <pre><code>func bla(naam string) string {
    59. 

  59.     return naam + "bla"
    60. 

  60. }
    61. 

  61. </code></pre>
    62. 

  62. <p>In tegenstelling tot veel andere talen komen de types van de parameters na de naam.</p>
    63. 

  63. <p>Voeg nu je eerste functie toe aan je programma.<br>
    64. 

  64. Geef als parameter een string mee, verwerk deze in een andere string met <code>fmt.Sprintf</code>, return het resultaat en druk dit<br>
    65. 

  65. af.</p>
    66. 

  66. <h3><a id="Opgave_3_template_parsing_80"></a>Opgave 3: template parsing</h3>
    67. 

  67. <p><code>Sprintf</code> is prima voor kleine strings, maar voor grotere teksten is een template parser handig.<br>
    68. 

  68. Importeer het <code>text/template</code> package en maak een nieuw template:</p>
    69. 

  69. <pre><code>template.New("helloTemplate").Parse("Hello {{.}}\n")
    70. 

  70. </code></pre>
    71. 

  71. <p>In de documentatie van <code>template.New</code> kan je zien dat deze twee return values heeft.<br>
    72. 

  72. De eerste is het template, noem deze <code>t</code>.<br>
    73. 

  73. De tweede is een error die je bijvoorbeeld kan printen, of je kan je programma laten crashen met</p>
    74. 

  74. <pre><code>if err != nil {
    75. 

  75.     panic(err)
    76. 

  76. }
    77. 

  77. </code></pre>
    78. 

  78. <p>Het template verwerken gaat met de <code>Execute</code> methode die op <code>t</code> aangeroepen kan worden</p>
    79. 

  79. <pre><code>t.Execute(os.Stdout, "Quintor")
    80. 

  80. </code></pre>
    81. 

  81. <p>De eerste parameter is een interface, <code>io.Writer</code>, die afdwingt dat het meegegeven argument een <code>Write([]byte)</code><br>
    82. 

  82. methode heeft. In dit geval wordt naar de standaard uitvoer geschreven.<br>
    83. 

  83. De tweede parameter is een object waarmee de placeholders in het template vervangen worden.<br>
    84. 

  84. In dit voorbeeld is dit een simpele string</p>
    85. 

  85. <p>Verwerk nu het bovenstaande in je programma.</p>
    86. 

  86. <h3><a id="Opgave_4_template_parsing_2_106"></a>Opgave 4: template parsing #2</h3>
    87. 

  87. <p>Templates kunnen ook uit een file geladen worden met</p>
    88. 

  88. <pre><code>template.ParseFiles("mijntemplate.tpl")
    89. 

  89. </code></pre>
    90. 

  90. <p>Pas je programma nu zo aan dat het <code>ParseFiles</code> gebruikt ipv <code>New</code>/<code>Parse</code>.</p>
    91. 

  91. <h3><a id="Opgave_5_een_webserver_115"></a>Opgave 5: een webserver</h3>
    92. 

  92. <p>Het <code>io.Writer</code> interface kan veelzijdig gebruikt worden.<br>
    93. 

  93. Zoals in het voorbeeld hieronder te zien is voldoet <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> ook aan dit interface.</p>
    94. 

  94. <p>Analyseer het onderstaande programma en bouw een webserver in je eigen programma in.<br>
    95. 

  95. Gebruik evt. de templates/resources in <code>opgave5.zip</code></p>
    96. 

  96. <p>Een paar hints:</p>
    97. 

  97. <ul>
    98. 

  98. <li>go kent geen classes</li>
    99. 

  99. <li>datatypen worden gedefineerd met <code>type</code>, hieronder wordt het type <code>server</code><br>
    100. 

  100. gedefineerd als een <code>struct</code> met een veld <code>template</code></li>
    101. 

  101. <li><code>main()</code> is een funcie</li>
    102. 

  102. <li><code>handleRoot()</code> is een methode op het type <code>server</code></li>
    103. 

  103. <li><code>http.ListenAndServe</code> start een http server op</li>
    104. 

  104. <li><code>http.FileServer</code> serveert static files in een directory</li>
    105. 

  105. <li>wees niet bang om de documentatie van een package er bij te pakken</li>
    106. 

  106. </ul>
    107. 

  107. <pre><code>package main
    108. 

  108.     
    109. 

  109. import (
    110. 

  110.     "log"
    111. 

  111.     "net/http"
    112. 

  112.     "text/template"
    113. 

  113. )
    114. 

  114.     
    115. 

  115. type server struct {
    116. 

  116.     template *template.Template
    117. 

  117. }
    118. 

  118.     
    119. 

  119. func main() {
    120. 

  120.     t := template.Must(template.ParseFiles("templates/index.html"))
    121. 

  121.     s := server{template: t}
    122. 

  122.     
    123. 

  123.     http.HandleFunc("/", s.handleRoot)
    124. 

  124.     http.Handle("/resources/", http.FileServer(http.Dir(".")))
    125. 

  125.     
    126. 

  126.     err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
    127. 

  127.     log.Fatal(err)
    128. 

  128. }
    129. 

  129.     
    130. 

  130. func (s *server) handleRoot(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    131. 

  131.     w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf8")
    132. 

  132. 

  133.     err := s.template.Execute(w, "Vrolijk pasen!")
    134. 

  134.     
    135. 

  135.     if err != nil {
    136. 

  136.         log.Println(err)
    137. 

  137.     }
    138. 

  138. }
    139. 

  139. </code></pre>
    140. 

  140. <h3><a id="Opgave_6_paaseieren_zoeken_168"></a>Opgave 6: paaseieren zoeken</h3>
    141. 

  141. <p><code>opgave6.zip</code> bevat een html/javascript webapplicatie.<br>
    142. 

  142. Serveer de bestanden in <code>/resources</code> met <code>http.FileServer</code> en zoek de eieren door in het scherm te klikken.</p>
    143. 

  143. <p>Je zult merken dat je geen mooie paaseieren krijgt, hiervoor moet de backend geimplementeerd.</p>
    144. 

  144. <p>Maak een server type aan met een veld naam.</p>
    145. 

  145. <pre><code>type server struct {
    146. 

  146.     name string
    147. 

  147. }
    148. 

  148. </code></pre>
    149. 

  149. <p>Initialiseer een variabele van dit type:</p>
    150. 

  150. <pre><code>s := server{name: "Golang Hands-on"}
    151. 

  151. </code></pre>
    152. 

  152. <p>Maak een endpoint onder <code>/api/greet</code></p>
    153. 

  153. <pre><code>http.HandleFunc("/api/greet/", s.titleHandler)
    154. 

  154. </code></pre>
    155. 

  155. <p>En de bijbehorende handler</p>
    156. 

  156. <pre><code>func (s server) titleHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    157. 

  157.     var err error
    158. 

  158.     
    159. 

  159.     w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf8")
    160. 

  160.     _, err = fmt.Fprint(w, s.name)
    161. 

  161.     
    162. 

  162.     if err != nil {
    163. 

  163.         log.Println(err)
    164. 

  164.     }
    165. 

  165. }
    166. 

  166. </code></pre>
    167. 

  167. <p>Als het goed is kan je nu een paasei vinden!</p>
    168. 

  168. <h3><a id="Opgave_7_marshalling_json_204"></a>Opgave 7: marshalling json</h3>
    169. 

  169. <p>Om het tweede ei te vinden moet het endpoint om kunnen gaan met de <code>Accept: application/json</code><br>
    170. 

  170. http header. Voor het eerste ei werd om <code>text/plain</code> gevraagd, voor het tweede ei<br>
    171. 

  171. wordt json gevraagd <em>op hetzelfde endpoint</em>. Er wordt een json object in het volgende formaat verwacht:</p>
    172. 

  172. <pre><code>{title: "title", subtitle: "subtitle"}  
    173. 

  173. </code></pre>
    174. 

  174. <p>Je kan de header ophalen met</p>
    175. 

  175. <pre><code>r.Header.Get("Accept")
    176. 

  176. </code></pre>
    177. 

  177. <p>Je kan het <code>strings</code> package gebruiken om strings te manipuleren.</p>
    178. 

  178. <p>Om json te encoden heb je een geschikt type nodig om te encoden, bijvoorbeeld</p>
    179. 

  179. <pre><code>type greet struct {
    180. 

  180.     Title    string `json:"title"`
    181. 

  181.     Subtitle string `json:"subtitle"`
    182. 

  182. }
    183. 

  183. </code></pre>
    184. 

  184. <p>Deze kan je encoden met het <code>json</code> package.<br>
    185. 

  185. <code>json.NewEncoder</code> verwacht wederom een <code>io.Writer</code>.</p>
    186. 

  186. <pre><code>   e := json.NewEncoder(w)
    187. 

  187.    err = e.Encode(greet{Title: s.name, Subtitle: "Hallo Quintor!"})
    188. 

  188. </code></pre>
    189. 

  189. <p>Stuur ook het juiste Content-Type mee:</p>
    190. 

  190. <pre><code>w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf8")
    191. 

  191. </code></pre>
    192. 

  192. <p>Als je dit goed doet heb je een ei erbij!</p>
    193. 

  193. <h3><a id="Opgave_8_unmarshalling_json_240"></a>Opgave 8: unmarshalling json</h3>
    194. 

  194. <p>Maak een nieuwe Handler voor het endpoint <code>/api/sum/</code>.<br>
    195. 

  195. In het request wordt een json string meegestuurd.<br>
    196. 

  196. Om deze te kunnen decoden hebben we een struct nodig met de juiste structuur:</p>
    197. 

  197. <pre><code>type sumRequest struct {
    198. 

  198.     Start   int   `json:"start"`
    199. 

  199.     End     int   `json:"end"`
    200. 

  200.     Numbers []int `json:"numbers"`
    201. 

  201. }
    202. 

  202. </code></pre>
    203. 

  203. <p>En decode met:</p>
    204. 

  204. <pre><code>var sreq sumRequest
    205. 

  205. d := json.NewDecoder(r.Body)
    206. 

  206. err := d.Decode(&amp;sreq)
    207. 

  207. </code></pre>
    208. 

  208. <p>Als response verwacht de client een json object van de vorm</p>
    209. 

  209. <pre><code>{answer: 13, contributers: 3}
    210. 

  210. </code></pre>
    211. 

  211. <p>Het veld <code>answer</code> moet de som van de elementen tussen <code>start</code> (inclusief) en <code>end</code> (exclusief)<br>
    212. 

  212. in de numbers slice bevatten. <code>contributers</code> moet gelijk zijn aan <code>end - start</code>.<br>
    213. 

  213. Maak hier zelf een type voor aan.</p>
    214. 

  214. <h3><a id="Opgave_9_data_opslaan_in_een_database_266"></a>Opgave 9: data opslaan in een database</h3>
    215. 

  215. <p>Maak een nieuw endpoint <code>/api/store/</code> waar een json request in de vorm</p>
    216. 

  216. <pre><code>{name: "name", message: "message"} 
    217. 

  217. </code></pre>
    218. 

  218. <p>verwacht en een response van de vorm terug stuurt.</p>
    219. 

  219. <pre><code>{id: 0}
    220. 

  220. </code></pre>
    221. 

  221. <p>Om data op te slaan gaan we gebruik maken maken van <a href="file:///tmp/mozilla_harry0/github.com/jinzhu/gorm">gorm</a>.<br>
    222. 

  222. Voeg de volgende imports toe:</p>
    223. 

  223. <pre><code>"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"
    224. 

  224. _ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/sqlite"
    225. 

  225. </code></pre>
    226. 

  226. <p>Pas de server struct aan en voeg een type <code>Message</code> toe, dit wordt onze database entiteit.</p>
    227. 

  227. <pre><code>type server struct {
    228. 

  228.     name string
    229. 

  229.     db   *gorm.DB
    230. 

  230. }
    231. 

  231.     
    232. 

  232. type Message struct {
    233. 

  233.     ID      uint
    234. 

  234.     Name    string
    235. 

  235.     Content string
    236. 

  236. }
    237. 

  237. </code></pre>
    238. 

  238. <p>Voeg de volgende regels toe bovenaan je main()</p>
    239. 

  239. <pre><code>db, err := gorm.Open("sqlite3", "sqlite.db")
    240. 

  240. if err != nil {
    241. 

  241.     log.Fatal("Could not open database", err)
    242. 

  242. }
    243. 

  243. defer db.Close()
    244. 

  244.     
    245. 

  245. db.DropTableIfExists(&amp;Message{})
    246. 

  246. db.AutoMigrate(&amp;Message{})
    247. 

  247.     
    248. 

  248. s := server{name: "Golang Hands-on", db: db}
    249. 

  249. </code></pre>
    250. 

  250. <p>In je handler kan je nu een message als volgt opslaan.<br>
    251. 

  251. Zorg ervoor dat je de message vult met de waarden uit het json request.</p>
    252. 

  252. <pre><code>m := Message{Name: "naam", Content: "inhoud"}
    253. 

  253. db.Create(&amp;m)
    254. 

  254. log.Println("message id", m.ID)
    255. 

  255. </code></pre>
    256. 

  256. <p>Na de create kan je het ID opvragen waarmee het message is opgeslagen.<br>
    257. 

  257. Deze stuur je terug naar de client.</p>
    258. 

  258. <h3><a id="Opgave_10_data_ophalen_uit_database_322"></a>Opgave 10: data ophalen uit database</h3>
    259. 

  259. <p>Voor het laatste paasei gaan we data weer ophalen uit de database aan de hand van een id.<br>
    260. 

  260. De client zal een request doen naar <code>/api/store/&lt;id&gt;</code> en verwacht json object in hen volgende<br>
    261. 

  261. formaat als response:</p>
    262. 

  262. <pre><code>{name: "name", message: "message"}
    263. 

  263. </code></pre>
    264. 

  264. <p>Gebruik voor het ophalen <code>First</code>, zie <a href="http://jinzhu.me/gorm/crud.html#query">http://jinzhu.me/gorm/crud.html#query</a></p>
    265. 

  265. <h2><a id="Bonusopgaven_332"></a>Bonusopgaven</h2>
    266. 

  266. <ul>
    267. 

  267. <li>Implementeer https mbv <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#ListenAndServeTLS">https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#ListenAndServeTLS</a></li>
    268. 

  268. <li>Implementeer Server Push <a href="https://blog.golang.org/h2push">https://blog.golang.org/h2push</a></li>
    269. 

  269. <li>Gebruik een locale MySQL of Postgres database ipv SQLite</li>
    270. 

  270. <li>Volg de Go Tour: <a href="https://tour.golang.org/">https://tour.golang.org/</a></li>
    271. 

  271. </ul>
    272. 

  272. <h2><a id="Resources_339"></a>Resources</h2>
    273. 

  273. <ul>
    274. 

  274. <li><a href="https://golang.org/doc/">golang.org/doc</a> - alle go documentatie</li>
    275. 

  275. <li><a href="https://golang.org/pkg/">golang.org/pkg</a> - documentatie standard library</li>
    276. 

  276. <li><a href="https://godoc.org/">godoc.org</a> - documentatie externe packages</li>
    277. 

  277. <li><a href="http://jinzhu.me/gorm/">jinzhu.me/gorm</a> - gorm database mapper</li>
    278. 

  278. <li><a href="https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter">github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter</a> - meer flexibele url router</li>
    279. 

  279. </ul>
    280. 

  280. 

  281. </body></html>
    282.